R - Survival Analysis: A Beginner's Guide

Hello, aspiring data scientists! Today, we're going to embark on an exciting journey into the world of survival analysis using R. Don't worry if you've never written a line of code before - I'll be your friendly guide every step of the way. Let's dive in!

R - Survival Analysis

What is Survival Analysis?

Before we start coding, let's understand what survival analysis is all about. Imagine you're a doctor studying how long patients survive after a certain treatment. Or perhaps you're a business analyst looking at how long customers stick around before cancelling a subscription. That's where survival analysis comes in handy!

Survival analysis helps us answer questions like:

How long until an event occurs?
What factors influence the time until the event?
How do different groups compare in terms of survival time?

Now, let's get our hands dirty with some R code!

Installing and Loading Necessary Packages

First things first, we need to install and load the required packages. In R, packages are like toolboxes containing useful functions for specific tasks.

# Install the 'survival' package
install.packages("survival")

# Load the package
library(survival)

Don't worry if you see some messages appear when you run these commands. As long as there are no error messages in red, you're good to go!

Loading and Exploring the Data

For this tutorial, we'll use a built-in dataset called 'lung' from the survival package. This dataset contains information about patients with advanced lung cancer.

# Load the lung dataset
data(lung)

# Take a peek at the first few rows
head(lung)

# Get a summary of the dataset
summary(lung)

When you run these commands, you'll see a snapshot of the data. Take a moment to familiarize yourself with the variables. We'll be working with:

'time': survival time in days
'status': censoring status (1=censored, 2=dead)
'age': patient's age
'sex': patient's sex (1=male, 2=female)

Creating a Survival Object

Now, let's create a survival object. This is a special R object that combines the survival time and event status.

# Create a survival object
surv_object <- Surv(time = lung$time, event = lung$status == 2)

# Print the first few entries
head(surv_object)

You'll see a series of numbers with '+' signs. The '+' indicates censored observations (patients who were still alive at the end of the study).

Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve

One of the most common visualizations in survival analysis is the Kaplan-Meier curve. It shows the probability of survival over time.

# Fit a Kaplan-Meier curve
km_fit <- survfit(surv_object ~ 1, data = lung)

# Plot the curve
plot(km_fit, main = "Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve",
xlab = "Time (days)", ylab = "Survival Probability")

Voila! You've just created your first survival curve. The y-axis shows the probability of survival, and the x-axis shows time in days. The curve steps down each time an event (death) occurs.

Comparing Groups: Male vs Female

Let's compare survival curves for males and females.

# Fit Kaplan-Meier curves by sex
km_sex <- survfit(surv_object ~ sex, data = lung)

# Plot the curves
plot(km_sex, col = c("blue", "red"), main = "Survival Curves by Sex",
xlab = "Time (days)", ylab = "Survival Probability")
legend("topright", c("Male", "Female"), col = c("blue", "red"), lty = 1)

Now you have two curves: blue for males and red for females. Can you see any differences?

Cox Proportional Hazards Model

Finally, let's fit a Cox proportional hazards model. This model helps us understand how different factors affect survival.

# Fit a Cox proportional hazards model
cox_model <- coxph(surv_object ~ age + sex, data = lung)

# Print the summary
summary(cox_model)

Don't be intimidated by the output! Here's what to look for:

The 'coef' column shows the effect of each variable.
The 'exp(coef)' column is easier to interpret: values > 1 indicate increased risk, < 1 indicate decreased risk.
The 'Pr(>|z|)' column shows the p-value. Small values (< 0.05) indicate statistical significance.

Conclusion

Congratulations! You've just completed your first survival analysis in R. We've covered a lot of ground, from creating survival objects to fitting complex models. Remember, practice makes perfect. Try playing around with the code, changing variables, and see what happens.

Here's a summary of the main functions we used:

Function	Purpose
Surv()	創建生存對象
survfit()	拟合生存曲線
plot()	可視化生存曲線
coxph()	拟合Cox比例风险模型

Keep exploring, keep learning, and most importantly, have fun with R and survival analysis!

Credits: Image by storyset